For hunting riles.. you need to take a hunting exam/course ( weeks or months ) where you learn about wildlife, species, safety, laws and rules. There is also a practical test, how to handle the rifle in the terrain / woods and finally shoot and hit targets on the range on various distances and some moving. After that.. you got your exam and are free to apply for license to buy a rifle and they do background checks with the police if you got a criminal history. You HAVE to have a weapon cabinet.
For sport shooting rifles and pistols.. you need to take a pistol exam/course.. weapon/pistol laws and rules.. and range time where you shoot at targets at 27 yards and you need to get 3 series where you get 46 points of 50 before you can finish the up to 6 months long course. After that you can apply for a pistol license and they do background checks with the police if you got a criminal history. You HAVE to have a weapon cabinet. One hand weapons have a five year license period.. You need to renew it.. by being active in a shooting club and participate in competitions now and then
It is a short and compact description how it works