I don't know how far it might go down the chamber, but the second one did go in far enough that the firing pin would not strike it off.
When I re-examined my blown out shell, I discovered this double strike.
This one didn't go off on the 1st click, but it went off on the second one.
My first feeling was that I had made a faulty reload, and I was already blaming the primer, because I knew I had weighed and checked every load carefully, but I had in the past however gotten a random bad primer.
I didn't discover the truth until I removed the 16 gauge shell (un-spent) from the chamber, and then started picking up the empties.
So anyhow, now faced with the question of whether or not I could have double-stacked 16 gauge shells into the barrel, I had to check it out.
First off, a 16 gauge shell will slip right into a 12 gauge barrel with no problem, until you hit the flange.
This is a cylinder bore gun so I was able to stick it right in the muzzle. It fits right in with no pressure at all.
So what happens when you start putting shells in the chamber? I dug out my cheapie depth gauge and stuffed in a 12gauge round.
The 12 gauge round only drops into the barrel a total of 3/32 or 0.094" (not measured to the chamber head but to the dead end of the barrel as shown. This represents the minimum amount that the Bolt & Barrel overlap each other when in battery.)
Next I dropped in a 16 gauge Remington STS. The flange caught almost perfectly, and it only dropped in another 1/32" so it's measured depth was 0.125" This one would certainly fire.
Next I tried a Federal game load #8.
It did not catch at the breech, and I continued pushing it in with my finger until it stopped. FInger tapping would not move it further. It bottomed out down 0.5". At that point the flange had wedged into the gradually tapering cylinder.
I tried a Winchester Super X #6, and it went in 0.82". That seemed like an awful lot so I tried a second one but it only went in 0.4".
Last up was the Fiocchi #8 game and target load. I knew these were El Cheapos, and I'd only bought one box of them. I tried in 8 hulls, and they measured:
0.82
0.88(2 samples)
1.12
1.22 (2 samples)
1.25 (3 samples)
Then I measured my remaining live fiocchi ammunition and found exactly the same variation. 13/16" to 1-1/4" into the chamber.
In every case this was achieved with no pressure more than gentle finger tapping. If the bolt had rammed in another one behind it, it might have gone considerably further, due to the gentle nature of the tapered chamber.
Fiocchi 16 gauge shells, Double Stacked: