Shotgun Shell Wikipedia...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_shell

A shotgun shell (shotshell) is a self-contained cartridge loaded with shot or a slug designed to be fired from a shotgun. Most shotgun shells are designed to be fired from a smoothbore barrel, but with the recent gain in popularity of dedicated shotguns with rifled barrels for firing slugs, there are many rounds specifically designed to be fired from a rifled barrel. A rifled barrel will increase the accuracy of the shotgun with slugs, but makes it unsuitable for firing shot, as the rifling causes the shot to form a hollow "O" shape in flight[1]. Some less lethal shotgun ammunition is available in the form of slugs made of low-density material, such as rubber. See shotgun specialty ammunition for more information.

Construction of a typical shotshell

Modern shotgun cartridges typically consist of a plastic case, with the base covered in a thin brass covering. Paper shells used to be common, and are still made, as are solid brass shells. Some companies have produced what appear to be all-plastic shells, although in these there is a small metal ring cast into the rim of the shell to provide strength. Often the more powerful loads will use "high brass" shells, with the brass extended up further along the sides of the shell, while light loads will use "low brass" shells. The brass does not actually provide a significant amount of strength, but the difference in appearance provides shooters with a way to quickly differentiate between high and low powered ammunition.

The base of the shotshell is fairly thick to hold the large shotgun primer, which is quite a bit longer than primers used for rifle and pistol ammunition. Modern smokeless powders are far more efficient than the original black powder used in shotgun shells, so very little space is actually taken by powder; shotguns use small quantities of powerful double base powders, equivalent to fast-burning pistol powders, with up to 50% nitroglycerin. After the powder comes the wadding. The primary purpose of a wad is to provide a gas seal, since without a wad the gas would just blow through the shot rather than propelling it. The wad consists of three parts, the powder wad, the cushion, and the shot cup, which may be separate pieces or be one part. The powder wad acts as the gas seal (known as obturation), and is placed firmly over the powder; it may be a paper or plastic part. The cushion comes next, and it is designed to compress under pressure, to act as a shock absorber and minimize the deformation of the shot; it also serves to take up as much space as is needed between the powder wad and the shot. Cushions are almost universally made of plastic with crumple zones, although for game shooting in areas grazed by farm stock or wildlife biodegradable fibre wads are often preferred. The shot cup is the last part of the shell, and it serves to hold the shot together as it moves down the barrel. Shot cups have slits on the sides so that they peel open after leaving the barrel, allowing the shot to continue on in flight undisturbed. Shot cups, where used, are also almost universally plastic. The shot fills the shot cup (which must be of the correct length to hold the desired quantity of shot), and the shotgun shell is then crimped closed.

Shotshell sizes

Shotgun shells are generally measured by "gauge", though in Britain and some other locations outside the United States the term "bore" is used with the same meaning.[2] Rifles and handguns are almost always measured in "caliber", which is simply a measurement of the internal diameter of the barrel and, consequently, the diameter of the projectile fired. By contrast, shotguns are usually measured by "gauge", which is the weight, in fractions of a pound, of a lead round shot the same internal diameter as the barrel.

For example, a shotgun is called 12 gauge because a lead sphere that just fits the inside diameter of the barrel weighs 1⁄12 of a pound. This measurement comes from the time when early cannons were designated in a similar manner—a "12 pounder" would be a cannon that fired a 12 pound (5.5 kg) cannonball; inversely, an individual "12 gauge" shot would in fact be a 1⁄12 pounder (38 g). Thus, a 10-gauge shotgun has a larger-diameter barrel than a 12-gauge shotgun, which has a larger-diameter barrel than a 20-gauge shotgun, and so forth.
.22 Ratshot
No.of lead balls in one pound diameter of lead balls
10 0.78" (19.7 mm)
12 0.73" (18.5 mm)
16 0.66" (16.8 mm)
20 0.62" (15.6 mm)
28 0.55" (14.0 mm)

The most popular shotgun gauge by far is 12-gauge. The larger 10-gauge, once popular for hunting larger birds such as goose and turkey, is in the decline with the advent of longer, "magnum" 12-gauge shells, which offer similar performance. The mid-size 20-gauge is also a very popular chambering for smaller-framed shooters who favor its reduced recoil, those hunting smaller game, and experienced trap and skeet shooters who like the additional challenge of hitting their targets with a smaller shot charge. Other less-common, but commercially available gauges are 16 and 28. There are also some shotguns measured by diameter, rather than gauge, these are the .410 (10 mm), .380 (9 mm), and .22 (5.5 mm); these are correctly called ".410 bore", not ".410 gauge".

The .410 bore is the smallest shotgun size which is widely available commercially,in the UK 9mm shotguns are quite common for use in "GardenGuns" and folding shotguns. For size comparison purposes the .410, when measured by gauge, would be around 67 or 68 gauge (mathematically it's 67.62 gauge), not the sometimes mistakenly assigned 36 gauge.

Shotshells are also found in some handgun cartridges, such as .38 Special and .44 Magnum; these are often used in revolvers for defense against snakes at very close ranges, or for killing small pests such as rats. A number of single shot pistols and rifles are made in .45 Colt with special screw-in chokes allowing the use of .410 shells—usually the chokes are designed with deep grooves parallel to the bore designed to stop the spin of the shot column, as the .45 Colt barrel is rifled. Taurus recently introduced a revolver named The Judge, which accommodates both .45 Colt and .410 shotshells.

Shotgun Gauge Diameter Formulas

The first formula “Standard Shotgun Gauge Diameter Formula” assumes the standard specific gravity (Density) for lead is 11.3523g/cm3 (see "Formula Research Notation" below to explain), and the second formula “Shotgun Gauge Diameter Formula 2” allows you to choose your own specific gravity for lead.

Standard Shotgun Gauge Diameter Formula
Chart of shell sizes.

The following formula[citation needed] will accurately calculate the diameter (dn) in inches of any shotgun gauge size (n).

d_n=10 \times \Bigg( {\pi \times n \times 68.3546428287583}\Bigg)^{-\frac{1}{3}}

or

d_n=10 \times \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\pi \times n \times 68.3546428287583}}

Shotgun Gauge Diameter Formula 2

For any shotgun gauge size (n), the following formula is used if you want to specify an alternate specific gravity (s) for lead in the calculation; e.g. 11.34 or 11.35 are the most common because they round to the nearest two decimal places.

d_n=10 \times {\frac{1}{\pi \times s \times n \times 6.021}}^\frac{1}{3}

or

d_n=10 \times \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\pi \times s \times n \times 6.021}}

Another source for a gauge size formula can be found at Gauge (bore diameter).

Lead free shotshell

At the beginning of the 21st century lead-free shotshell ammunition loaded with steel, bismuth, or tungsten composite pellets instead of more traditional lead-based pellets was introduced. Due to environmental regulations, hunters in Europe are required to use lead-loaded ammunition carefully. For instance, in France, they cannot fire in the vicinity of a pond. In fact, the laws are so complex that some hunters in Europe prefer not to risk getting into problems for firing lead pellets at wrong places, so they opt for composite pellets in all situations. The use of lead shot is also banned in Canada and the United States when hunting migratory game birds, such as ducks and geese, forcing the use of non-toxic shot in these countries for upland waterfowl hunting. (Lead shot can still legally be used in the United States for hunting game other than upland waterfowl. This means that manufacturers need to market new types of lead-free shotgun ammunition loaded with alternative pellets to meet environmental restrictions on the use of lead, as well as lead-based and cheaper shotshell ammunition, to remain competitive worldwide.)

As with all ammunition, the C.I.P. enforces the approval of all ammunition a manufacturer or importer intends to sell in any of the (mainly European) C.I.P. member states. The ammunition manufacturing plants are obliged to test their products during production against the C.I.P. pressure specifications. A compliance report must be issued for each production lot and archived for later verification if needed. Besides pressure testing, shotshells containing steel pellets require an additional Vickers hardness test. The hardness VH1 must be below 100 for the steel pellets used but, even so, steel is known to wear the barrel excessively over time if the steel pellet velocities become too high, leading to potentially harmful situations for the user. As a result, the measurement of pellet velocity is also an additional obligation for shotshells in 12, 16 and 20 gauges in both standard and high performance versions sold in Europe. The velocity of pellets must be below 425 m/s, 390 m/s and 390 m/s respectively for the standard versions.

However, it should be noted that data supporting the danger of firing high velocity shells loaded with steel shot causing barrel wear has not been published and the US equivalent of CIP, SAAMI, does not have any such restrictive limitations on the velocity of commercial steel shotshells sold in the United States. Similarly, shotgun manufacturers selling shotguns in the United States select their own appropriate standards for setting steel hardness for shotgun barrels and for velocities of steel shotshell loaded ammunition.

Shot sizes

Shotshells are loaded with different sizes of shot depending on the target. For skeet shooting, a small shot such as a # 8 or #9 would be used, because range is short and a high density pattern is desirable. Trap shooting requires longer shots, and so a larger shot, up to #7½ would be desired. For hunting game, the range and the penetration needed to assure a clean kill must both be considered. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low sectional density and ballistic coefficient (see external ballistics). Small shot, like that used for skeet and trap, will have lost all appreciable energy by 100 yards or meters, which is why trap and skeet ranges can be located in relatively close proximity to inhabited areas with negligible risk of injury to those outside the range.

Birdshot
12 gauge birdshot shotgun shell.

Birdshot sizes are numbered similar to the shotgun gauges; the smaller the number, the larger the shot. Generally birdshot is just called "shot", such as "number 9 shot" or "BB shot". A useful method for remembering the diameter of numbered birdshot is simply to subtract the shot size from 17. The resulting answer is the diameter of the shot in hundredths of an inch. For example, number 2 shot gives 17-2 = 15, meaning that the diameter of number 2 shot is 15/100 or 0.15". B shot is .170 inches, and sizes go up in .01 increments for BB and BBB or Pellets.
Size Nominal diameter Pellets per oz (28 g) Quantity per lb.[3]
Lead Steel
FF .23" (5.84 mm) 35
F .22" (5.59 mm) 39
TT .21" (5.33 mm)
T .20" (5.08 mm) 36 53
BBB .190" (4.83 mm) 44 62 550
BB .180" (4.57 mm) 50 72 650
B .170" (4.32 mm)
1 .160" (4.06 mm) 72 103 925
2 .150" (3.81 mm) 87 125 1120
3 .140" (3.56 mm) 108 158 1370
4 .130" (3.30 mm) 135 192 1720
5 .120" (3.05 mm) 170 243 2180
6 .110" (2.79 mm) 225 315 2850
7 .100" (2.54 mm)
7½ .095" (2.41 mm) 350 3775
8 .090" (2.29 mm) 410 686 5150
8½ .085" (2.15 mm) 497
9 .080" (2.03 mm) 585 892 7400

Birdshot selection

For hunting, shot size must be chosen not only for the range, but also for the game. The shot must reach the target with enough energy to penetrate to a depth sufficient to kill the game. Lead shot is still the best performer for the money, but environmental restrictions on the use of lead, especially with waterfowl, require steel, bismuth, or tungsten composites. Steel, being significantly less dense than lead, requires larger shot sizes, but is a good choice when cost is a consideration. Steel, however, cannot safely be used in some older shotguns without causing damage to either the bore or to the choke of the shotgun due to the hardness of steel shot. Since tungsten is a very hard metal, it must also be used with care in older guns. Tungsten shot is often alloyed with nickel and iron, softening the base metal. That alloy is approximately 1/3 denser than lead, but far more expensive. Bismuth shot falls in between steel and tungsten shot in both density and cost.

Game Lead/Tungsten Steel
Pheasant 4 to 6 2 to 3[4]
Turkey 4 to 6 2 to 3
Quail, dove, 7½ to 8
Rabbit 6 to 7½
Squirrel 6
Geese BB to 2 TT to 1
Ducks, low 4 to 6 2 to 4
Ducks, high 2 to 4 BB to 2

Buckshot

Larger sizes of shot, large enough that they must be carefully packed into the shell rather than simply dumped or poured in, are called "buckshot." Buckshot is used for hunting larger game, such as deer (hence derivation of the name), and also in riot shotguns and combat shotguns for defensive, police, and military use. Buckshot is also categorized by number, with smaller numbers being larger shot. It is called either "buckshot" or just "buck", such as "triple-ought buck" or "number 4 buck".

Size Nominal diameter Pellets/oz
TriBall (12 Ga.) <5> .60" (15.24 mm ) 3/4 ounce per pellet
0000 ("quadruple-ought") .38" (9.7 mm) 5
000 ("triple-ought") .36" (9.1 mm) 6
00 ("double-ought") .33" (8.4 mm) 8
0 ("ought") .32" (8.1 mm) 9
1 .30" (7.6 mm) 10
2 .27" (6.9 mm) 15
3 .25" (6.4 mm) 18
4 .24" (6 mm) 21

Shotshells and patterning

Most modern sporting shotguns have interchangeable choke tubes to allow the shooter to change the spread of shot that comes out of the gun. In some cases, it is not practical to do this; the gun might have fixed choke, or a shooter firing at receding targets may want to fire a wide pattern immediately followed by a narrower pattern out of a single barrelled shotgun. The spread of the shot can also be altered by changing the characteristics of the shell.

Narrower patterns

A buffering material, such as granulated plastic, sawdust, or similar material can be mixed with the shot to fill the spaces between the individual pellets. When fired, the buffering material compresses and supports the shot, reducing the deformation the shot pellets experience under the extreme acceleration. Copper plated lead shot, steel, bismuth, and tungsten composite shot all have a hardness greater than that of plain lead shot, and will deform less as well. Reducing the deformation will result in tighter patterns, as the spherical pellets tend to fly straighter.

Wider patterns

Shooting the softest possible shot will result in more shot deformation and a wider pattern. This is often the case with cheap ammunition, as the lead used will have minimal alloying elements and be very soft. Spreader wads are wads that have a small plastic or paper insert in the middle of the shot cup, usually a cylinder or "X" cross-section. When the shot exits the barrel, the insert helps to push the shot out from the center, opening up the pattern. Often these result in inconsistent performance, though modern designs are doing much better than the traditional improvised solutions. Intentionally deformed shot (hammered into ellipsoidal shape) or cubical shot will also result in a wider pattern, much wider than spherical shot, with more consistency than spreader wads. Spreader wads and non-spherical shot are disallowed in some competitions. Hunting loads that use either spreaders or non-spherical shot are usually called "brush loads", and are favored for hunting in areas where dense cover keeps shot distances very short.

Spread

A shotgun's shot spread refers to the pattern that the projectiles (or shot) leave behind on a target.[5] Most shotgun shells contain at least several metal shots, in order to increase the likelihood that a target will be hit. This is especially useful for hunting small game such as birds, rabbits, and other animals that move quickly and can unpredictably change their direction of travel. By firing multiple shots at once, the probability of a direct hit is vastly increased. However, some shotgun shells only contain one metal shot, known as a slug, for hunting large game such as deer.

As the shot leaves the barrel upon firing, the shot is close together. But as the shot moves farther away, the individual pellets increasingly spread out and disperse. Because of this, the effective range of a shotgun, when firing a multitude of shot, is limited to approximately 20 to 50 metres. To control this effect, shooters select or use a constriction within the barrel of a shotgun called a choke. The choke, whether selectable or fixed within a barrel, effectively reduces the diameter of the barrel, forcing the shot even closer together as it leaves the barrel, thereby increasing the effective range. The tighter the choke, the more narrow the barrel. Consequentially, the effective range of a shotgun is increased with a tighter choke, as the shot column is held tighter over longer ranges. Hunters or target shooters can install several types of chokes, on guns having selectable chokes, depending on the range at which their intended targets will be located. For fixed choke shotguns, different shotguns are often selected for the intended hunting application at hand. From tightest to loosest, the various chokes are: full choke, modified choke, improved cylinder, and cylinder bore.[6]

A hunter who intends to hunt an animal such as rabbit or grouse, knows that the animal will be encountered at a close range (usually within 20 metres), and will be moving very quickly. So, an ideal choke would be a cylinder bore (the loosest) as the hunter wants the shot to spread out as quickly as possible. If this hunter was using a full choke (the tightest) at 20 metres, the shot would be very close together and cause an incredible, and unnecessarily large amount of damage to the rabbit, or, alternatively, a complete miss of the rabbit. This would waste virtually all of the meat for a hit, as the little amount of meat remaining would be overly-laden with shot and rendered inedible. By using a cylinder bore, this hunter would maximize the likelihood of a kill, and maximize the amount of edible meat. Contrarily, a hunter who intends to hunt geese knows that a goose will likely be approximately 50 metres away, so, that hunter would want to delay the spread of the shot as much as possible by using a full choke. By using a full choke for targets that are farther away, the shooter again maximizes the likelihood of a kill, and maximizes the amount of edible meat. As well, this guarantees a swift and humane kill as the target would be hit with enough shot to kill quickly instead of only wounding the animal. For older shotguns having but one fixed choke, intended primarily for equally-likely use against rabbits, squirrels, quail, doves, and pheasant, an often-chosen choke is the improved cylinder, in a 28-inch barrel, making the shotgun suitable for use as a general all-round hunting shotgun, without having excess weight. Shotguns having fixed chokes intended for geese, in contrast, are often found with full choke barrels, in longer lengths, and are much heavier, being intended for fixed use within a blind.